Childhood Seized

Research Question 1 Research Question 1 was, “Who could have an epileptic seizure?” According to our Camfield & Camfield (2019, p. 210) everybody can have seizures, as an unfortunate combination of brain “insults”. Alcohol intoxication, which is a transient metabolic disorder can provoke a seizure. Seizures can be expressed in convulsive motor movement in the body or, can go unnoticeable as in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Hemorrhagic strokes could lead to seizures at the time of the stroke. Blood is “irritating” to the central cortex, and it causes damage in network connections, but as the blood is reabsorbed, seizures may reduce. Hemorrhagic strokes can lead to the lost of semantic information and memories. Some hemorrhagic strokes are caused by seizures. Seizures can be caused by medication or scarring, in the brain. Seizure activity may go unnoticed in epileptic crisis in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). TLE shows undepicted line between the logic mind, and the spontaneous and illogical unconscious mind. The unconscious mind process information instantly and, in TLE leads to mechanical actions e.g., jumping out of the window without being aware of it or, to unforeseeable situations e.g., getting undressed in the middle of a petrol station. These actions could endanger the person. Van Gogh is a clear example of this (TLE), with mood-swings, aggressiveness, irrationality and, awkward behavior e.g., bursting into anger for no reason. Research Question 2 Research Question 2 was “Could electric discharges interfere with functionality in the brain, leading to cognitive decline or regression?” According to Camfield & Camfield, (2019, p.210) “Regression in children with epilepsy may involve loss of cognitive abilities, failure to progress or a slowing of developmental trajectory”. Children with epilepsy may fall behind academically because, children´s brain structures fail to develop fully by the time of onset. Therefore, regression may be associated to having large number of seizures or, to the inability of the brain to progress and mature further. Nevertheless, in children with epilepsy, brain problems may precede the onset of epilepsy. Therefore, seizures onset is superimposed on the child brain development. Regression can be attributed to several factors: a. large number of seizures b. inability of the brain to progress and mature c. brain problems before epileptic onset According to Camfield & Camfield (2019, p.217) “children with epilepsy are treated with a variety of medications”. Cognitive and behavioral problems are noted especially when receiving a combination of treatments in high doses. The fact that No-cognitive assessments are carried out on children before they get their first epileptic insult, and the amalgamation of treatments adjoin to the ambivalent and equivocal general statement “The large majority of children with epilepsy do not have regression” (Camfield & Camfield 2019, p.210). Epilepsy syndromes grouped under “epileptic encephalopathies” may lead to regression, although proof of this concept is not strong for many syndromes. (Camfield & Camfield 2019,p.210) According to Camacho et al., (2012,p.1) the mutation in protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) gene causes epilepsy in females. This disorder is associated with mental retardation and psychiatric features. But, although many of these epilepsies disappear or stop in mild adolescence, mental impairments and behavioral problems are still noticeable. These problems cannot be a consequence of seizures, that have resolved in mild adolescence. It appears that seizures tend to diminish or even stop in adolescence, so non-epileptic problems can become the most important and disabling issue in adult patients with PCH19 mutation. (Camacho et al., 2012, p.1). According to above citation, if epileptic patients are suffering from regression, this may be caused by AED treatment. Research Question 3 Research Question 3 was. “Why is language affected in epilepsy?” the question was intended to reconciliate motor problems found in epileptic patients and cognitive skills. Language relies on motor and memory circuits. In early years children exhibit a somatic acquisition of language, and general concepts seem to take shape over time encapsulating everyday meanings. The frontal lobe regulates inhibitory mechanisms in the brain, and regulates goal-directed behavior and executive functions. Language also needs memory networks in the hippocampus, to retrieve semantic knowledge and achieve linguistic contextualization. Epileptic discharges affect the whole brain. In order to explain how language works in the brain, we need to look into functional connectivity. According to Adebimpe, Bourel-Ponchel et al., (2018,p.739) functional connectivity models have been applied to understand how interictal activity works. Studies on this pathology have shown regions in the brain with increased connectivity “the epileptic zone” EZ, usually the central region around the sensorimotor cortex and others with reduced activity in distant regions, such as the frontal lobe and temporal regions. fig. 3 Rolandic Area. Epicenter of EZ Just like in earthquakes in epilepsy we register an epicenter of activity or (EZ) where activity is high and this corresponds to the sensory-motor cortex, as you move away from the central lobe you find reduced electric activity in frontal and temporal lobe.